Nashville, Tennesse and surrounding areas were the scenes of several battles of consequence. On Feb 6, 1862, Fort Henry, Tennessee (about 60-70 miles northwest of Nashville, on the Tennessee River near the Kentucky border), fell to the Union army under Grant and navy gunboats. Most of the Confederates escaped 10 miles east to Fort Donelson (about 25-30 miles west of Clarksville and closer to Nashville). On Feb 16, 1862, the Confederate garrison of 12,000-15,000 here surrendered to Grant, earning him a promotion and the title "Unconditional Surrender". The Confederate cavalry tried to recapture the fort in Feb, 1863, but were unsuccessful. The city of Nashville was evacuated by the Confederates after their loss at Fort Donelson, and became a Union Camp for the rest of the war. At Stone's River near Murfreesboro, about 20 miles or so southeast of Nashville, a battle ensued Dec 31, 1862 - Jan 2, 1863, with the Confederates withdrawing after over 10,000 casualties on each side. The Confederates also tried to take the city in Dec, 1864, in the Battle of Nashville, but were driven back.
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